Sandblasting – definition, types, tools - Complete Guide

What is sandblasting?

Sandblasting is a process during which the top layer of the material to be cleaned (e.g. rust, varnish, paint) is peeled off and its surface smoothed using a high-pressure air stream coupled with a special abrasive (usually very fine sand).

The sandblasting parameters are selected according to the surface to be cleaned.

Therefore, depending on your needs, you can use different abrasive varieties in different granulations. In addition, you can also choose from a variety of nozzle diameters, sandblasting hoses and compressors with different capacities, which directly translate into the operating pressure. The latter should be correspondingly lower when cleaning more delicate surfaces.

Sandblasting consists of 3 main stages:

• Cleaning the surface by removing contaminants or the top layer from the given material (e.g. old paint, rust, etc.). 
• Smoothing the surface, i.e. getting rid of any curves and disproportion.
• Making the surface appropriately rough, so that subsequent work (painting, laminating, etc.) will be much easier and have a better effect.

What are the types of sandblasting?

The most popular types of sandblasting include:

• dry sandblasting, 
• wet sandblasting, 
• steam sandblasting, 
• bead blasting, 
• wheel blasting, 
• microblasting, 
• automatic sandblasting, 
• dry ice blasting, 
• brush blasting, 
• vacuum blasting,
• soda blasting, 
• shot blasting, 
• glass bead blasting.

There are different types of sandblasting, which we categorize based on the applied technology and the chosen abrasive material.

What is dry sandblasting?

Dry sandblasting is a standard sandblasting process that uses compressed air to blow the abrasive onto the surface to be treated.

This method is notable for its high efficiency in removing rust, paint and other contaminants. However, it generates a large amount of dust, which requires the use of appropriate protective measures such as masks or air filtration systems.

What is wet sandblasting?

Wet sandblasting (a.k.a. hydro-sanding) is a type of sandblasting that uses a mixture of water and abrasive. This reduces dust emissions significantly, which is beneficial in environments requiring dust control.

Furthermore, it is a less aggressive method than dry sandblasting. It is therefore better suited to more delicate surfaces.

What is steam sandblasting?

Steam sandblasting is a method of sandblasting that combines the properties of wet and dry sandblasting to enable gentle but effective cleaning of surfaces.  This is all thanks to a jet of steam with a minimum of abrasive.

This method is ideal for applications requiring precision, such as the renovation of delicate mechanical parts or electronic components.

What is bead blasting?

Bead blasting is a type of sandblasting that uses an abrasive with spherical particles characterised by smooth edges.  It works very well for cleaning and polishing surfaces, especially metal surfaces.

In addition, it is used for gentle dirt removal and a smooth finish (without the risk of damaging the surface itself).

What is wheel blasting?

Wheel sandblasting is sandblasting that takes place in an enclosed chamber and uses centrifugal force to eject the abrasive onto the surface to be treated. It is a very effective method of working, particularly in heavy industry where rapid and uniform cleaning of the material is required.

What is microblasting?

Microblasting is a precise method of removing outer layers of material, which is used for very delicate work.  It allows small areas, such as delicate machine parts or electronics, to be thoroughly cleaned and treated.

What is automatic sandblasting?

Automatic sandblasting is a process that uses robotic systems for a uniform and repeatable sandblasting process.  It is particularly useful in mass production where high precision and uniformity of finish is required.

What is dry ice blasting?

Dry ice blasting is an innovative solution that uses frozen carbon dioxide as an abrasive.  It is also a clean method because dry ice sublimates on contact with the surface, leaving no residue behind.

What is brush blasting?

Brush blasting is a technique that uses rotating brushes with abrasive fibres to clean and prepare surfaces mechanically.  It is a good alternative to traditional sandblasting, especially when you want to avoid dust.

What is vacuum blasting?

Vacuum blasting is a method that simultaneously sandblasts and extracts the abrasive, thus minimising the spread of dust. It is particularly useful in confined spaces and where dust control is required.

What is soda blasting?

Soda blasting is a technique that uses biodegradable baking soda to gently clean surfaces.  It is particularly effective at removing paint and organic contaminants, and its gentle nature does not damage the surface being treated.

What is shot blasting?

Shot blasting, or metal shot blasting, is particularly effective in removing heavy external coatings and rust from a material.  This method is characterised by its high aggressiveness, but also its effectiveness (especially for large, hard surfaces).

What is glass bead blasting?

Glass bead blasting is a type of sandblasting that uses an abrasive in the form of glass (crushed or beads). It is characterised by its greater fineness, allowing for a smooth and uniform finish.

What tools are needed for sandblasting?

You will need the following tools for sandblasting:

• portable sandblasting machine,
• sandblasting cabinet, 
• sandblasting room, 
• compressor for sandblasting, 
• sandblasting hoses, 
• sandblasting couplings, 
• sandblasting gun, 
• protective clothing for sandblasting.

We describe each of these below.

What is portable sandblasting machine?

The portable sandblasting machine is a key piece of sandblasting equipment. It is a device that enables the storage and use of abrasives.

Portable sandblasting machines are ideal for small to medium-sized jobs, offering mobility and flexibility in a variety of working environments. Their capacity and performance varies from model to model, allowing you to match the equipment to your specific job.

What is sandblasting cabinet?

A sandblasting cabinet (a.k.a. sandblasting booth) is an enclosed space where sandblasting of smaller objects can be carried out. It provides control over the sandblasting process and minimises the spread of dust.

The cabinets are equipped with lighting and filtration systems to improve visibility and work safety.

What is sandblasting room?

The sandblasting room is a large, enclosed room for cleaning larger objects or structures. It is equipped with dust extraction and ventilation systems to ensure a safe and effective working environment.

Sandblasting rooms are indispensable in heavy industry, shipbuilding or the restoration of large constructions.

What is compressor for sandblasting?

A compressor for sandblasting is a device that generates compressed air that sends the abrasive through the sandblasting system.

Choosing the right compressor depends on the size and type of sandblaster and the requirements of the specific job. It is important that it has sufficient power and capacity to ensure continuous and efficient operation.

What are sandblasting hoses?

Sandblasting hoses are a highly important part of the sandblasting kit, as it is responsible for transporting the abrasive from the sandblaster to the nozzle. As it is in constant contact with the abrasive, it must be suitably robust.

For this reason, sandblasting hoses are usually made of special rubber (in some cases also polyurethane).

In their standard version, they consist of three layers:

• Inner - This is characterised by high resistance to abrasion and extreme temperatures caused by friction of the abrasive against the hose walls. 
• Middle - Here there is a reinforcement made of braid, which guarantees the flexibility of the hose and is statically neutral.
• Outer - Provides resistance to weather and mechanical damage resulting from daily use.

What are sandblasting couplings?

Sandblasting couplings for parts of the installation that connect the sandblasting hose to the sandblasting machine. The most common sandblasting couplings are claw couplings, which are characterised by specific sliders (i.e. claws) that further secure the connection between the hose and the sandblasting machine.

Sandblasting couplings are usually made of either nylon or metal (usually cast iron).

What is sandblasting gun?

A sandblasting gun is a device through which abrasive is ejected onto the surface to be treated. It can have different tips so that the abrasive jet can be adjusted and adapted to specific needs.  Guns need to be ergonomic and durable to ensure comfort and efficiency.

What is protective clothing for sandblasting?

Specialised protective clothing for sandblasting includes sealed goggles or a full face mask to protect the eyes and skin from the abrasive particles.  Thick protective gloves, which are abrasion and impact resistant, and tight, heavy-duty coveralls that shield the entire body are also necessary. It is also important to use ear muffs to protect the ears from the loud noise generated by the sandblasting equipment.

The use of appropriate protective clothing is crucial for the safety and health of the operator.

What are the effects of sandblasting?

There are various effects of sandblasting and they depend on many factors, such as the abrasive, the pressure used during the process, the type of surface to be treated and the skill of the operator.

Here are some of the main effects of sandblasting:

• Removal of rust, paint and other coatings - Sandblasting is very effective in removing external layers and contaminants from various surfaces, thus leaving them clean and preparing them for further treatment. 
• Surface levelling - With sandblasting you can effectively level the surface, removing irregularities and creating a uniform profile, which is particularly important before applying new coats of paint or varnish.
• Creating surface roughness - Sandblasting can be used to create a rough texture on smooth surfaces, improving the adhesion of paints and protective coatings. 
• Cleaning delicate surfaces - Softer abrasives and lower pressure allow cleaning of delicate surfaces such as wood or some metals, without damaging them. 
• Restoration and renovation - Sandblasting is a popular restoration and renovation method to restore the original appearance of old objects such as furniture, architectural elements, or vehicles. 
• Changing the aesthetic appearance - In addition to its functional aspects, sandblasting can be used for decorative purposes, such as giving surfaces a unique, often more “austere” appearance.

Where is sandblasting used?

The most popular usages of sandblasting are:

• metal sandblasting, 
• wood sandblasting, 
• sandblasting of brick and paving stones, 
• glass sandblasting.

Sandblasting is used in the processing of many different materials. You will find a more detailed description of the above processes below.

What is metal sandblasting?

Metal sandblasting is a process that cleans metal without scratching the surface, which will ideally prepare it for sand painting.  This is the best and most effective protection against corrosion.

This is why sandblasting ranks among the best methods for the renovation of metal structures. It removes all previously applied coatings and rust, which is particularly useful when replacing the installation would involve enormous costs or is simply impossible due to a lack of spare parts.

The method of cleaning with a grinder or by hand with sandpaper takes much longer and has an inferior effect.

In other words: sandblasting steel and other metals means that you are restoring the material almost to factory new condition.

For the same reason, the process is also popular in the automotive sector. The sandblasting of wheels and the sandblasting of the chassis are particularly popular. Why exactly these car components? Because they come into the greatest contact with corrosive agents such as moisture and road salt.

Sandblasting removes rust and old paint/varnish from these parts, allowing you to effectively protect them from the damaging effects of road conditions for years to come.

What is wood sandblasting?

Wood sandblasting is a technique that aims to get rid of the top layer of a material. This primarily involves varnish, paint, stain or other forms of protection against damage and environmental conditions.

As there is a wide range of abrasives available, you will find the right one for your particular type of wood. This translates into efficiency and guarantees that the original structure of the material is preserved.

This is what has made furniture sandblasting increasingly popular.

It allows the renovation of old cabinets, sideboards, bookcases, etc. It safely removes the outer layer (e.g. paint) from the wood and allows a thorough repainting. In doing so, you will give your furniture a second life and yourself many years of trouble-free use.

What is sandblasting of brick and paving stones?

Sandblasting of paving stones and the brick facade of a house is another popular service. After all, the walls need refreshing too - especially if they have not been regularly maintained.

As the irregular surface of the elevation causes many problems when trying to clean it manually (e.g. with a grinder), more and more people are turning to sandblasting.

However, it is fair to point out that in the case of masonry, this method can sometimes be risky, due to the micro-damage that occurs to the bricks and mortar when they come into contact with the abrasive. This is a particularly large problem when you are dealing with old walls.

Fortunately, it can be mitigated to a large extent by using, for example, low-pressure sandblasting.

In addition, some brick masonry is better not sandblasted with traditional abrasives due to the softer surface. This includes, for example, clinker, glazed tiles or ground bricks.

When it comes to paving stones, on the other hand, they are usually much stronger than masonry. Therefore, cleaning by sandblasting is possible and very useful in situations such as removing dirt from a pavement after a construction project.

What is glass sandblasting?

Glass sandblasting is a technique that allows glass to be embellished. In this case, the abrasive material under pressure creates a matt mark that can take on any pattern.

Therefore, there is nothing to prevent you from sandblasting your company logo, a decorative graphic or anything else on the glass surface.

However, it is worth pointing out that a special abrasive is used for glass processing, which is usually an electro-corundum abrasive with a gradation of 100 or 180.

What can be used for sandblasting?

Sandblasting can be carried out with many different types of abrasive. The most common is quartz sand for sandblasting because it is the most versatile and cost-effective. However, in addition to it, glass beads and broken glass, corundum, electrocorundum, steel shot, garnet, copper slag, baking soda, aluminium oxide, plastic, silicon carbide and even nut shells or corn cobs are used.

How to ensure safety during sandblasting?

You can guarantee safety during sandblasting by following certain safety rules and measures. These are:

• Appropriate protective clothing - As we mentioned earlier, appropriate protective clothing must be used when sandblasting. Ensuring respiratory protection (mask), eye protection (goggles), hearing protection (earmuffs), as well as the rest of the body (coveralls) is particularly important. 
• Inspection and Maintenance of Equipment - Regularly inspect the condition of sandblasters, compressors, hoses, and sandblasting guns to ensure they are in good condition and do not pose a hazard.
• Ensuring Adequate Ventilation - Work should take place in well-ventilated areas or in the presence of dust extraction systems to avoid the accumulation of harmful substances in the air. 
• Adherence to Work Procedures - Strictly adhere to safety procedures and operating instructions, including using equipment only in recommended conditions. 
• Training and Awareness - To enhance safety, regular occupational health and safety (OHS) training and proper equipment usage training are necessary for all workers involved in the sandblasting process. 
• Cleanliness and Order in the Workplace - Maintain workplace cleanliness and order to minimize the risk of accidents. 
• Dust Management - Implement methods and equipment for effective dust management, including dust extraction systems and wet sandblasting (where possible). 
• First Aid and Emergency Procedures - Provide access to a first aid kit and ensure knowledge of emergency procedures in case of sandblasting-related accidents. 
• Health Monitoring - Arrange regular health check-ups for workers to detect potential health issues related to dust and noise exposure early on.

What are the advantages of sandblasting?

The advantages of sandblasting are:

• Effectiveness in cleaning and surface preparation - Sandblasting is exceptionally effective in removing rust, paint, and contaminants, and preparing surfaces for subsequent processes such as painting or coating. 
• Speed and efficiency - Sandblasting allows for quick and uniform cleaning of large surfaces, which is much more efficient than manual cleaning methods. 
• Versatility - Sandblasting can be applied to various materials, including metal, wood, plastic, or concrete, with the ability to adjust the abrasive and pressure to suit specific projects. 
• Uniform Finishing - Sandblasting ensures a consistent surface finish, which is challenging to achieve with traditional grinding or cleaning methods. 
• Environmentally Friendly Abrasives - Using environmentally friendly abrasives, such as baking soda or walnut shells, is safe for the environment and does not result in harmful emissions.

What are the disadvantages of sandblasting?

The disadvantages of sandblasting are as follows:

• Dust emission and pollution - Sandblasting generates a significant amount of dust, which can harm the environment and require personal protective equipment and dust extraction systems.
• Noise - The sandblasting process is noisy and may require ear protection to prevent hearing damage. 
• Equipment and maintenance costs - The work involves high costs for purchasing and maintaining sandblasting equipment, including sandblasting machines, compressors, and filtration systems. 
• Beed for specialized training - Operators need to be properly trained to sandblast safely and effectively, incurring additional costs. 
• Risk of surface damage - Improperly selected sandblasting parameters can damage more delicate surfaces, such as thin metal or soft wood.

How much does sandblasting cost?

Sandblasting costs typically range from tens to hundreds of pounds per square meter of surface.

The pricing depends largely on the specific service being provided. Generally, the highest prices are found in automotive-related services.

The location where you are located is also important. The cost of sandblasting in Katowice will be slightly different than in Krakow or Warsaw, even though it's the same service.

While everyone seeks cost-effective options, it's important not to excessively cut corners when it comes to sandblasting. The crucial factor is ensuring that you are using the services of qualified specialists with experience and knowledge.

This is particularly important for sensitive materials and in automotive applications, especially when dealing with sandblasting car bodies and chassis.

If you feel confident, you can also undertake this work independently.

Why is sandblasting so expensive?

Sandblasting is expensive for several reasons, which stem from both the nature of the process itself and the equipment and safety requirements. Here are the main factors contributing to the high cost of sandblasting:

• Advanced equipment - Sandblasting requires specialised equipment such as sandblasting machines, compressors, filtration and dust extraction systems. The purchase and maintenance of this equipment can be expensive, especially for highly efficient and advanced models. 
• Abrasives - The cost of abrasives can be significant, especially if they are used in large quantities or if specialised, more expensive types of abrasives are required. 
• Environment protection and safety - The need for environmental and safety measures, such as air filtration, dust extraction, or personal protection systems, adds to the overall cost of the operation. 
• Operator qualifications and training - The requirement to employ qualified operators who must be regularly trained in safe and effective sandblasting also impacts on costs.
• Time-consuming and preparation - Preparing the area to be sandblasted (e.g. securing or masking areas that are not to be cleaned) and the time required for the work also affects costs. 
• Waste disposal and treatment - The need to properly dispose of used abrasive and other waste generated during sandblasting increases overall operating costs.   
• Wear and tear - Intense wear and tear on equipment associated with the aggressive nature of sandblasting means that more frequent repairs and replacement of parts are required, which is also not cheap.

Is sandblasting legal in the UK?

Yes, sandblasting is legal in the UK, but its use is subject to strict regulations, particularly regarding health and safety.  These regulations include requirements for protective equipment, the use of suitable abrasives, and the management and containment of dust emissions into the environment.

Compliance with applicable laws is key to avoiding violations of local occupational safety and environmental standards. Therefore, companies and individuals carrying out sandblasting work must be aware of this and comply with the regulations.

In doing so, they will ensure a safe and also legal working environment for themselves and others.

FAQ

Is a 50l compressor sufficient for sandblasting?

A 50l compressor is sufficient for sandblasting for small, amateur projects. However, for larger works or longer continuous use, choosing a larger compressor with a larger capacity is better.

Can plastic be sandblasted?

Yes, plastic can be sandblasted, but this requires softer abrasives and less pressure. Otherwise, there is a risk of damaging the material.

What is the difference between sandblasting and soda blasting?

The main difference between sandblasting and soda blasting is that soda blasting uses baking soda as an abrasive, which guarantees a less aggressive cleaning while sandblasting uses sand. Therefore, soda blasting is ideal for delicate surfaces as it does not cause damage.

What is better than sandblasting?

Methods such as soda blasting, glass bead blasting or dry ice blasting may be preferable to sandblasting. However, this depends on the specific application (e.g. when delicacy or absence of dust is required).

How is sandblasting calculated?

Sandblasting is calculated based on surface area (m²) or time (working hours). In addition, the final costs also depend on the abrasive, the difficulty of the task and the equipment requirements.

How much does an hour of metal sandblasting cost?

On average, an hour of metal sandblasting costs between a few tens and a few hundred zlotys. The price depends on the region of operation, type of abrasive and equipment requirements.

How much does it cost to sandblast wood?

Sandblasting wood costs between tens and hundreds of zloty per m², but usually less than sandblasting metal. The price is also influenced by the region, the size of the project, and the type of wood.

Can aluminium be sandblasted?

Yes, aluminium can be sandblasted, but this requires fine abrasives and low pressure to avoid scratching or damaging the material.

Which compressor for amateur sandblasting

For amateur sandblasting, a compressor with a capacity of 50 to 100 litres is sufficient (depending on the size and type of project).

What is the difference between glass bead blasting and sandblasting?

Glass bead blasting differs from sandblasting in that glass bead blasting uses fine glass beads or aggregate as an abrasive, which is less aggressive than traditional sandblasting, which uses sand. Therefore, a smooth, polished finish can be achieved with this method (especially when glass beads are used).

Does sandblasting remove rust?

Yes, sandblasting removes rust from metal surfaces. It is very effective at this.

How much does sandblasting of 4 wheel rims cost?

Sandblasting of 4 rims costs from a few hundred to several thousand zloty, depending on the condition of the rims and the finishing requirements.

How much does it cost to sandblast an entire car?

Whole car sandblasting costs between a few and several thousand zloty, depending on the vehicle's size and the work's complexity.

How much does semi-trailer sandblasting cost?

Sandblasting a semi-trailer costs between a few and several thousand zloty, depending on the trailer's size and the job's complexity level.

Does sandblasting damage metal?

Sandblasting can damage metal if carried out improperly (e.g. at too high a pressure or with too aggressive an abrasive).  However, when done correctly, it is a safe method.

Is sandblasting difficult?

Sandblasting can be difficult, especially if it requires precision and control over the cleaning process. In addition, technical expertise is needed to operate the specialised equipment.

How noisy is sandblasting?

Sandblasting is so noisy that the volume often exceeds 85 dB. Therefore, when working, protect your ears with special sound-attenuating earmuffs.

Is sandblasting harmful to metal?

Sandblasting is not harmful to metal if done correctly.  However, improperly selected operating parameters can lead to deformation or damage to the material's surface.

Is sandblasting environmentally friendly?

Traditional sandblasting is not environmentally friendly due to the dust and used abrasive requiring disposal.  However, using environmentally friendly abrasives and appropriate dust extraction systems can minimise this negative impact.

How fast is sandblasting?

How fast sandblasting is depends on many factors, including the abrasive, the pressure, the type of surface to be cleaned, and the project size. However, in general, it is an express cleaning method compared to the alternatives.