Pressure units converter - Pressure units table

Conversion of pressure units

Conversion table for pressure units

What are the pressure units?

The pressure units are as follows:

• bar (bar), 
• pascal (Pa), 
• hectopascal (hPa), 
• kilopascal (kPa), 
• megapascal (MPa), 
• atmosphere (atm), 
• PSI, 
• millimetre water column (mmH2O), 
• inch of water column (inH2O), 
• torr (Tr, torr), 
• millimetre of mercury (mmHg), 
• inch of mercury column (inHg), 
• PSF, 
• technical atmosphere (at).

Read on and you will learn more about each of these.

What is a bar?

The bar is a unit of atmospheric pressure used in meteorology, oceanography, as well as other scientific and technical fields. The bar was introduced by the British meteorologist Napier Shaw in 1909 and quickly gained popularity in atmospheric science.

1 bar corresponds approximately to the pressure exerted

• by a mass of 1 kg on an area of 1 cm², or
• by a mass of 10 t on an area of 1 m².

Pressure unit converter bar

• 1 bar = 100,000 Pa
• 1 bar = 1000 hPa
• 1 bar = 100 kPa
• 1 bar = 0.1 MPa
• 1 bar = 0.986923 atm
• 1 bar = 14.5038 PSI
• 1 bar = 10.197.1621 mmH2O
• 1 bar = 401.463 inH2O
• 1 bar = 750.062 torr
• 1 bar = 750.062 mmHg
• 1 bar = 29.53 inHg
• 1 bar = 2088.54 PSF
• 1 bar = 1.01972 at

When are bars used to measure pressure?

Bars are used to measure pressure in the following applications:

• Oceanography - In oceanography, the bar is used to measure water pressure, especially in deep water where it can be significant. This is crucial when studying the deep sea and underwater ecosystems 
• Engineering and industry - In industry, the bar is used to measure pressure in hydraulic and pneumatic systems and air compressors. It is important in the design and operation of machinery and equipment such as pumps and motors. 
• Automation and process control - In industrial automation and process control, bar is used to monitor and regulate pressure in various systems (e.g. cooling or heating), as well as in the chemical industry. 
• Atmospheric and climate science - In atmospheric and climate research, pressure measured in bars helps scientists understand and model phenomena such as storm systems, cyclones, anticyclones and climate change. 
• Aerospace technology - In aviation and astronautics, the bar is used to measure cabin pressure in aircraft and spacecraft, which is crucial for the safety and comfort of crew and passengers. 
• Medicine and pharmacology - In medicine, the bar can be used to measure pressure in some specialised applications, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy devices.

What is the pascal (Pa)?

Pascal (Pa) is the unit of measurement of pressure (and stress) in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, physicist and philosopher who contributed to the study of pressure and fluids.

Pascal is defined as the pressure exerted by a force of one newton (N) uniformly distributed over an area of one square metre (m²). In other words, 1 Pa = 1 N/m².

It is a relatively small unit, which is why multiples of it are often used in practical applications, such as kilopascals (kPa), megapascals (MPa) or gigapascals (GPa).

Conversion of pressure unit pascal (Pa)

• 1 Pa = 0.00001 bar
• 1 Pa = 0.01 hPa
• 1 Pa = 0,001 kPa
• 1 Pa = 0,000001 MPa
• 1 Pa = 0.000009869232667160129 atm
• 1 Pa = 0.000145038 PSI
• 1 Pa = 0.101971621 mmH2O
• 1 Pa = 0.00401865 inH2O
• 1 Pa = 0.00750062 torr
• 1 Pa = 0.00750062 mmHg
• 1 Pa = 0,0002953 inHg
• 1 Pa = 0,0208855 PSF
• 1 Pa = 0,0000101972 at

When are pascals used to measure pressure?

Pascals are used to measure pressure in many sectors of human activity, as it is one of the basic units in the SI system. Below you can find some of its main uses:

• Science and research - Pascal is the basic unit for measuring pressure in most scientific research. It is used in physics, chemistry, engineering and geology to determine pressure in gases, liquids and solids. 
• Meteorology - In meteorology, pascals are used to measure atmospheric pressure. While in practice hectopascals (hPa) are more commonly used, the pascal remains the reference unit. 
• Engineering - In various engineering fields, including mechanical, chemical, civil and aeronautical engineering, pascals are used to measure pressure in hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, lubrication systems, and for testing materials. 
• Medicine - In medicine, pascals are used to measure blood pressure, intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure. Accurate pressure measurements are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring various health conditions. 
• Technology and electronics - In semiconductor technology and other areas of electronics, pascals are used to measure pressure in manufacturing processes such as vapour deposition and acidorite processes. 
• Astronomy and cosmology - Pascal is also used in astronomy and cosmology, where it is used to measure the pressure in space

What is a hectopascal (hPa)?

The hectopascal (hPa) is the SI unit of pressure measurement, equivalent to 100 pascals (Pa). With the term "hectopascal", the prefix "hecto-", meaning hundred, is combined with the unit "pascal". This is why 1 hPa = 100 Pa.

The hectopascal facilitates the measurement and recording of atmospheric pressure, which often oscillates around values of several hundred pascals.

Conversion of pressure unit hectopascal (hPa)

• 1 hPa = 0.001 bar
• 1 hPa = 100 Pa
• 1 hPa = 0,1 kPa
• 1 hPa = 0,0001 MPa
• 1 hPa = 0,000986923 atm
• 1 hPa = 0,0145038 PSI
• 1 hPa = 10.1971621 mmH2O
• 1 hPa = 0.401463 inH2O
• 1 hPa = 0.750062 torr
• 1 hPa = 0,750062 mmHg
• 1 hPa = 0,02953 inHg
• 1 hPa = 2,08854 PSF
• 1 hPa = 0.00101972 at

When are hectopascals used to measure pressure?

Hectopascals are used to measure pressure in the following areas:

• Meteorology - Atmospheric pressure, which is crucial for weather forecasting and the study of climate change, is usually measured in hectopascals. They replaced millibars (mbar) as a step towards standardising measurements to the metric system. 
• Atmospheric science and climatology - In addition to meteorology, hPa are also used in broad atmospheric research, including climatology. This helps scientists to analyse and model weather systems and to study climate change. 
• Aviation - In aviation, hectopascal is used to measure atmospheric pressure, which is essential for safe flight planning and execution. Pilots and air traffic controllers use atmospheric pressure to determine aircraft altitude. 
• Other scientific and technical applications - Although the hectopascal is mainly associated with meteorology, it can also be used in other fields that require precise pressure measurements, such as oceanography and engineering.

What is the kilopascal (kPa)?

The kilopascal (kPa) is a unit of pressure in the SI (International System of Units) system of measurement equal to one thousand pascals 1 kPa = 1000 Pa.

The introduction of the kilopascal stems from the need to facilitate measurement and recording for larger pressure values, where the use of pascals would be impractical due to the large number of digits.

Conversion of pressure unit kilopascal (kPa)

• 1 kPa = 0.01 bar
• 1 kPa = 1000 Pa
• 1 kPa = 10 hPa
• 1 kPa = 0,001 MPa
• 1 kPa = 0,00986923 atm
• 1 kPa = 0,145038 PSI
• 1 kPa = 101.971621 mmH2O
• 1 kPa = 4.01865 inH2O
• 1 kPa = 7.50062 torr
• 1 kPa = 7,50062 mmHg
• 1 kPa = 0,2953 inHg
• 1 kPa = 20.8855 PSF
• 1 kPa = 0,0101972 at

When are kilopascals used to measure pressure?

Kilopascals are used to measure pressure in the following applications:

• Engineering and construction - In engineering, particularly mechanical and civil engineering, the kPa unit is used to measure stress as well as pressure in structures, materials and hydraulic systems. This is crucial for the design and safety analysis of structures such as bridges, buildings or dams. 
• Automation and industry - In industry, kPa is used to measure pressure in various systems such as air compressors, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) systems and in controlled technological processes. 
• Meteorology - Although meteorology is dominated by the usage of hectopascals (hPa), kPa can be used in specific situations, such as atmospheric studies requiring greater precision. 
• Medicine - In medicine, kilopascals are sometimes used to measure blood pressure, as an alternative to traditional units such as mmHg (millimetres of mercury). 
• Automotive - In automotive, kPa is often used to determine tyre pressure, which is crucial for vehicle safety and fuel efficiency. 
• Science and research - In scientific research, especially in physics and chemistry, kPa is used for precise pressure measurements in experiments and laboratory studies.

What is a megapascal (MPa)?

The megapascal (MPa) is a unit of pressure measurement in the SI system that represents one million pascals - 1 MPa = 1 000 000 Pa or 1 000 kPa.

The megapascal has gained popularity due to the need to more easily manage the very large pressure values that often occur in various industrial and scientific applications.

Conversion of pressure unit Megapascal (MPa)

• 1 MPa = 10 bar
• 1 MPa = 1 000 000 Pa
• 1 MPa = 10 000 hPa
• 1 MPa = 1 000 kPa
• 1 MPa = 9,86923 atm
• 1 MPa = 145,038 PSI
• 1 MPa = 101 971,621 mmH2O
• 1 MPa = 4018.65 inH2O
• 1 MPa = 7500,62 torr
• 1 MPa = 7500.62 mmHg
• 1 MPa = 295.3 inHg
• 1 MPa = 20 885,5 PSF
• 1 MPa = 10.1972 at

When are megapascals used to measure pressure?

Megapascals are used to measure pressure primarily when very high pressures are involved.  The following are some examples of the uses of this unit:

• Materials engineering and mechanics - MPa are crucial when testing materials and their properties, such as tensile, compressive and flexural strength. Therefore, the unit finds application in testing steel, concrete, ceramics, polymers, etc. 
• Civil and structural engineering - In the design of building structures, bridges, dams and other large structures, MPa helps engineers determine what loads materials can withstand.
• Automotive and aerospace - In these sectors, MPa are used to test the strength of components such as engines, aircraft wings and car bodies. 
• Geology and geophysics - In geology, MPa is used to determine the pressure in the Earth's depths, which is crucial for understanding plate tectonics and volcanic processes. 
• Hydraulic and pneumatic engineering - In hydraulic and pneumatic systems, which often operate at high pressures, MPa is used for measurement and control. 
• Materials science and nanotechnology - In these fields, MPa is used to study the properties of advanced materials, including nanostructured materials and composites.

What is the atmosphere (atm)?

The atmosphere is a unit of pressure that was originally defined as the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 760 millimetres high at 0 degrees Celsius at normal Earth acceleration.  Its designation for the pressure unit of the atmosphere is atm.

One atm corresponds to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level and is equivalent to 101 325 pascals (Pa) in the SI system.

Conversion of pressure unit atmosphere (atm)

• 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
• 1 atm = 101 325 Pa
• 1 atm = 1013.25 hPa
• 1 atm = 101,325 kPa
• 1 atm = 0,101325 MPa
• 1 atm = 14,6959 PSI
• 1 atm = 10 332,274 mmH2O
• 1 atm = 406,782 inH2O
• 1 atm = 760 torr
• 1 atm = 760 mmHg
• 1 atm = 29,9213 inHg
• 1 atm = 2116,22 PSF
• 1 atm = 1,03323 at

When are atmospheres used to measure pressure?

Atmospheres are used to measure pressure less and less frequently because they have been superseded by other units. However, they sometimes appear in the following fields:

• Meteorology - Atmospheres are used to measure atmospheric pressure. This is particularly important in climate research and weather forecasting, where changes in pressure can indicate upcoming weather changes. 
• Diving and underwater work - In diving, the atmosphere is the key unit for determining dive depth and planning decompression time. This is important because water pressure increases by one atmosphere every 10 metres or so of depth. 
• Aviation and aerospace - Atmosphere is used to determine cabin pressures in aircraft and spacecraft, which is crucial for the safety and comfort of crew and passengers. 
• Engineering and design - In engineering, particularly in the design of underwater equipment, the atmosphere is used to simulate environmental conditions and test pressure resistance. 
• Medicine - The atmosphere is used to determine pressure levels in hyperbaric chambers, which are used to treat a variety of conditions and injuries.
• Science and research - In scientific experiments, particularly in physics and chemistry, the atmosphere is used as a reference in studies on the behaviour of gases and liquids at different pressures.

What is PSI?

PSI is a unit of pressure used mainly in the United States and other countries using the imperial measurement system. PSI measures the amount of force (in pounds) exerted per square inch of surface area.

PSI is an abbreviation for "Pounds per Square Inch", which means "pounds per square inch".

Conversion of PSI pressure unit

• 1 PSI = 0.0689476 bar
• 1 PSI = 6894.76 Pa
• 1 PSI = 68.9476 hPa
• 1 PSI = 6,89476 kPa
• 1 PSI = 0,00689476 MPa
• 1 PSI = 0,068046 atm
• 1 PSI = 703.069 mmH2O
• 1 PSI = 27.6799 inH2O
• 1 PSI = 51.7149 torr
• 1 PSI = 51.7149 mmHg
• 1 PSI = 2.03602 inHg
• 1 PSI = 144 PSF
• 1 PSI = 0.070307 at

When is the PSI used to measure pressure?

The PSI is used to measure pressure primarily in countries where the imperial measurement system is predominant. Applications of this unit include:

• Automotive - PSI is the standard unit for measuring tyre pressure in car tyres. Correct tyre pressure, expressed in PSI, is crucial for driving safety, optimum rubber wear and vehicle fuel efficiency. 
• Industry and engineering - In industry, PSI is used to monitor pressure in pipelines, tanks, air compressors and in hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
• Sports equipment - In sports, such as bicycles, PSI is used to measure tyre pressure, which affects grip and riding performance. 
• Tools and equipment - In pneumatic tools and pressure equipment, such as high-pressure washers, PSI is the unit used to determine the force of the device. 
• Science and technology - Although science is more likely to use SI units, PSI is still used in some research and experiments, particularly in the US. 
• Medicine - PSI can be used in some specialised medical applications, for example in oxygen therapy devices or certain types of medical equipment.

What is a millimetre of water column (mmH2O)?

The millimetre water column is a unit of pressure that measures the force exerted by a column of water one millimetre high per unit area at a temperature of 4°C and normal gravitational acceleration. It is the traditional unit of pressure measurement in the metric system and is mainly used for low pressures. The designation of the millimetre water column pressure unit is mmH2O.

Conversion of pressure unit millimetre of water column (mmH2O)

• 1 mmH2O = 0.0001 bar
• 1 mmH2O = 9.80665 Pa
• 1 mmH2O = 0.0980665 hPa
• 1 mmH2O = 0,00980665 kPa
• 1 mmH2O = 0.00000980665 MPa
• 1 mmH2O = 0,000096784 atm
• 1 mmH2O = 0,00142233 PSI
• 1 mmH2O = 0,0393701 inH2O
• 1 mmH2O = 0,0735559 torr
• 1 mmH2O = 0,0735559 mmHg
• 1 mmH2O = 0,0028959 inHg
• 1 mmH2O = 0,204816 PSF
• 1 mmH2O = 0,0001 at

When is a millimetre water column used to measure pressure?

The millimetre water column is used for pressure measurements primarily when the pressure is low and the accuracy of the measurement is important. Here are the most common applications of this unit:

• Engineering and ventilation technology - In engineering, especially in ventilation and air-conditioning systems, mmH2O is used to measure low pressure in air ducts. This is crucial for ensuring proper airflow and maintaining comfortable indoor conditions. 
• Medicine - Lung and airway pressures are often measured using mmH2O (e.g. during pulmonary function tests). The unit is also used to monitor intracranial and intraocular pressure, which is important in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. 
• Scientific research - In scientific research, especially in physics and environmental engineering, mmH2O is used for experiments requiring accurate low-pressure measurements (e.g. in water and air flow studies). 
• Hydrology - The mmH2O unit can be used to measure water levels and hydrostatic pressure, particularly in small bodies of water or in studies related to soil moisture. 
• HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) industry - In the HVAC industry, mmH2O is used to measure differential pressure in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, which is crucial for energy efficiency and comfort.

What is an inch of water column (inH2O)?

An inch of water column is a unit of pressure used mainly in the United States, based on the imperial measurement system. It is defined as the pressure exerted by a column of water one inch (1") high at a temperature of 4°C and normal gravitational acceleration. The unit designation for an inch of water column is inH2O.

The inch of water column is traditionally used where low pressure measurements are required.

Conversion of pressure unit inch of water column (inH2O)

• 1 inH2O = 0.00249082 bar
• 1 inH2O = 249.082 Pa
• 1 inH2O = 2.49082 hPa
• 1 inH2O = 0,249082 kPa
• 1 inH2O = 0.000249082 MPa
• 1 inH2O = 0,0024583 atm
• 1 inH2O = 0,0361263 PSI
• 1 inH2O = 25,4 mmH2O
• 1 inH2O = 1,86826 torr
• 1 inH2O = 1,86826 mmHg
• 1 inH2O = 0,0735559 inHg
• 1 inH2O = 5,20232 PSF
• 1 inH2O = 0,00254 at

When is an inch of water column used to measure pressure?

The inch of water column is used to measure pressure primarily in countries using the imperial measurement system. This unit is mainly used to measure low pressures.

These are its main applications:

• HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) engineering - inH2O is commonly used to measure pressure in ventilation and air conditioning systems. This is important to ensure adequate airflow and system efficiency. 
• Medicine - inH2O is used to measure the pressure in the lungs and respiratory system, which is crucial in pulmonology research and ventilator settings. 
• Industrial and scientific research - In industry and scientific research, especially where accurate low-pressure measurements are required, inH2O is used for experimentation and testing.

What is a torr?

A torr is a unit of pressure measurement named after the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli, a pioneer in the study of atmospheric pressure. One torr is defined as 1/760 of an atmosphere (atm).

In most cases, the unit torr is considered equivalent to a millimetre column of mercury (mmHg), but there is a minimal difference between the two (less than 0.000015%).

The torr is not part of the SI system, but is used in some specialised applications.

Conversion unit pressure torr

• 1 torr = 0.00133322 bar
• 1 torr = 133.322 Pa
• 1 torr = 1,33322 hPa
• 1 torr = 0,133322 kPa
• 1 torr = 0.000133322 MPa
• 1 torr = 0.00131579 atm
• 1 torr = 0,0193368 PSI
• 1 torr = 13,5951 mmH2O
• 1 torr = 0.53524 inH2O
• 1 torr = 1 mmHg
• 1 torr = 0,0393701 inHg
• 1 torr = 2,7845 PSF
• 1 torr = 0,00135951 at

When is a torr used to measure pressure?

Torr is used to measure pressure mainly in specialised applications such as:

• Vacuum testing - Torr is traditionally and widely used in vacuum testing, including physics and engineering. It is crucial in the semiconductor industry, research laboratories and wherever precise vacuum pressure measurements are required. 
• Medicine - Although mmHg is more commonly used in medicine, the torr can be used to measure blood pressure and other medical applications requiring precise measurements. 
• Meteorology - In meteorology, the torr can be used to measure atmospheric pressure, especially in older instruments and in some specialised applications. 
• Physics and chemistry - In laboratory research, torr is used to measure pressure in experiments with gases, vacuum and under controlled pressure conditions. 
• Aviation and aerospace - In aerospace research, torr is used in simulation and pressure measurements at altitude and space conditions.

What is a millimetre of mercury column (mmHg)?

The millimetre column of mercury is a unit of pressure that is derived from the traditional way of measuring pressure using a mercury barometer. It refers to the pressure exerted by a column of mercury one millimetre high. The unit designation for a millimetre column of mercury is mmHg.

In the past, mercury was often used because of its high density and chemical stability.

Pressure unit conversion millimetre column of mercury (mmHg)

• 1 mmHg = 0.00133322 bar
• 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa
• 1 mmHg = 1.33322 hPa
• 1 mmHg = 0.133322 kPa
• 1 mmHg = 0.000133322 MPa
• ​​1 mmHg = 0.00131579 atm
• 1 mmHg = 0.0193368 PSI
• 1 mmHg = 13.5951 mmH2O
• 1 mmHg = 0.53524 inH2O
• 1 mmHg = 1 torr
• 1 mmHg = 0.0393701 inHg
• 1 mmHg = 2,7845 PSF
• 1 mmHg = 0.00135951 at

When is a millimetre column of mercury used to measure pressure?

The millimetre column of mercury is used to measure pressure in many fields. Here are the most important ones:

• Medicine - The best-known use of mmHg is to measure blood pressure. It is the standard unit used in sphygmomanometers, or blood pressure measuring devices. Their precision is crucial in diagnosing and monitoring health conditions such as hypertension. 
• Physics and engineering - In physics and engineering, mmHg is used in experiments requiring precise pressure measurements, especially in near vacuum conditions. This is important in fluid dynamics research, aerodynamics and the semiconductor industry. 
• Vacuum science - In vacuum research, especially in the context of semiconductor physics and technology, mmHg is used to measure pressure in vacuum chambers. 
• Meteorology - Although meteorology is dominated by hectopascals, mmHg is sometimes used to measure atmospheric pressure, especially in older measuring devices. 
• Aviation - In aviation, mmHg can be used to measure atmospheric pressure to determine flight altitude.

What is an inch of mercury column (inHg)?

An inch of mercury column is a unit of pressure used mainly in the United States and other countries using the imperial measurement system. One inch of mercury column is defined as the pressure exerted by a column of mercury one inch high at standard earth acceleration. The unit designation for an inch of mercury column is inHg.

The inch of mercury column is particularly useful in specialised applications due to its historical significance and precision of measurement.

Conversion of pressure unit inch of mercury column (inHg)

• 1 inHg = 0.0334211 bar
• 1 inHg = 3386,39 Pa
• 1 inHg = 33,8639 hPa
• 1 inHg = 3,38639 kPa
• 1 inHg = 0,00338639 MPa
• 1 inHg = 0,0334211 atm
• 1 inHg = 0,491154 PSI
• 1 inHg = 345,315 mmH2O
• 1 inHg = 13,5951 inH2O
• 1 inHg = 25,4 mmHg
• 1 inHg = 25,4 torr
• 1 inHg = 70,307 PSF
• 1 inHg = 0,034532 at

When is an inch of mercury column used to measure pressure?

The inch of mercury column is used to measure pressure primarily in countries using the imperial measurement system. The main uses of this unit are:

• Meteorology - In the United States, inHg is the standard unit used to measure atmospheric pressure. It is crucial for weather forecasting, monitoring weather systems and climate research. 
• Aviation - The inHg is used to calibrate altimeters and other measuring instruments in aircraft. Accurate measurements of atmospheric pressure are essential for flight safety and navigation. 
• Medicine - Although less common than mmHg, inHg can be used in medicine, such as in certain types of medical equipment to measure pressure. 
• Science and research - In some specialised scientific research, particularly in physics and engineering, inHg can be used to measure pressure under controlled experimental conditions.

What is the PSF?

PSF is a unit of pressure used mainly in the United States and other countries that use the imperial measurement system. PSF measures the amount of force (in pounds) exerted on an area of one square foot. PSF is an abbreviation for "Pounds per Square Foot", which means "pounds per square foot".

The PSF appears in a variety of engineering and technical applications, especially when pressure distribution measurements over larger areas are required.

Conversion of pressure unit PSF

• 1 PSF = 0.000478803 bar
• 1 PSF = 47,8803 Pa
• 1 PSF = 0,478803 hPa
• 1 PSF = 0,0478803 kPa
• 1 PSF = 0,0000478803 MPa
• 1 PSF = 0,000472541 atm
• 1 PSF = 0,00694444 PSI
• 1 PSF = 4,88243 mmH2O
• 1 PSF = 0,192258 inH2O
• 1 PSF = 0,359131 torr
• 1 PSF = 0,359131 mmHg
• 1 PSF = 0,0141391 inHg
• 1 PSF = 0,000472541 at

When is the PSF used to measure pressure?

PSF is used to measure pressure mainly in the United States and other countries using the imperial measurement system. The most common use cases for this unit are:

• Building and structural engineering - PSF is a key unit in calculations related to structural loads. It is used to measure the pressure exerted on various elements of buildings, such as floors, roofs or foundations, which is necessary to ensure their safety and stability. 
• Architecture - In architectural design, PSF is used to calculate the loads caused by snow, wind and other external forces that can affect building structures. 
• Geotechnical engineering - The PSF assists in calculating the bearing capacity of the soil and in the design of foundations. This is important to ensure the stability and safety of structures erected on a site. 
• Aerospace engineering - The PSF is used to assess the loads acting on aircraft wings, aircraft fuselages and other surfaces exposed to aerodynamic forces.

What is the technical atmosphere (at)?

The technical atmosphere is a unit of pressure that is not part of the SI system, but is commonly used in some technical fields. One technical atmosphere is defined as the pressure equivalent to 10 metres of water column (10 mH2O), or exactly 1 kilogram of force per square centimetre (1 kgf/cm²). The technical atmosphere has its origins in traditional industry and engineering, where it was used to measure pressure in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. The unit designation for the technical atmosphere is at.

Pressure unit conversion technical atmosphere (at)

• 1 at = 0.980665 bar
• 1 at = 98066.5 Pa
• 1 at = 980,665 hPa
• 1 at = 98,0665 kPa
• 1 at = 0,0980665 MPa
• 1 at = 0,967841 atm
• 1 at = 14,2233 PSI
• 1 at = 10 000 mmH2O
• 1 at = 393,701 inH2O
• 1 at = 735,559 torr
• 1 at = 735,559 mmHg
• 1 at = 28,9590 inHg
• 1 at = 2048,16 PSF

When are technical atmospheres used to measure pressure?

Technical atmospheres are used to measure pressure primarily in industry and engineering. Below there are the main applications of this unit:

• Hydraulic and pneumatic engineering - Technical atmosphere is commonly used in hydraulic and pneumatic systems, where precision in pressure measurements is essential to ensure proper operation and safety of equipment such as pumps, valves or pistons. 
• Design of machinery and equipment - In the design of machinery, especially those operating under pressure, the technical atmosphere is used to determine the maximum working pressure and strength of materials. 
• Materials sciences - Technical atmospheres are used in strength testing of materials and in assessing the strength of pressurised structures, such as pressure vessels or reactors. 
• Automotive and aerospace - In these industries, technical atmospheres are used in testing and in the design of components that have to withstand high pressures, such as engines or fuel systems.